Liftwurf: Kompressor

Claude, 11. März 2021, 18:54 Uhr

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„Ein Kompressor, der macht doch die lauten Geräusche leiser und die Leisen lauter. Ich will die Dynamik beibehalten; die Leute können ja die Lautstärke hochregeln.“ – so habe ich bisher gedacht. Und dann am Winterkongress gemerkt: Manchmal reden die Moderatoren laut, manchmal leise. Die Zuhörer wollen die Lautstärke nicht ständig lauter und leiser drehen – einheitlich soll es sein!

Aber wie kriege ich das so hin, dass das Signal nicht so zusammengestaucht tönt? Ich will eine Radiostimme, die dem Zuhörer mit der Faust ins Gesicht springt; jedes Fäserchen und die rauhe Textur der Stimme beim entspannten Reden soll hörbar sein. Das tut es nämlich bei einem unkomprimierten Signal nicht, weil diese Teile der Stimme zu leise sind.

Die meisten YouTube-Videos befassen sich nur mit dem Kompressor, das Resultat ist mittelmässig bis verzerrt. Ein Setup jedoch gefällt mir auf Anhieb, und nach ein wenig Nachbau und Feinschliff komme ich zu folgenden Einstellungen:

Was bedeutet das alles und was passiert hier?

Zur Veranschaulichung:

Das Audiosignal ist ein Auto. Der Kompressor ist die Bremsstrecke; die sorgt dafür, dass das Auto ab einem gewissen Schwellwert (Threshold, -23dB) abgebremst wird. Wenn es der Kompressor trotz allem nicht geschafft hat, das Auto genügend abzubremsen, kommt die rote Wand (Limiter, -15dB) und stoppt es endgültig.

Tipp: Stelle den Gain vom Mikrofon so ein, dass die Lautstärke beim normalen Reden -23dB nicht überschreitet; dann wird die Stimme noch nicht kompressiert.

Jetzt, wo ich sichergestellt habe, dass alle Autos, alle Signale es maximal bis zur roten Wand schaffen, kann ich den ganzen Bereich bis zur gelben Linie verschieben, die Lautstärke anheben, und zwar um 14dB.

Einstellungen

Ratio: Wie stark soll abgebremst werden? Hier: 5:1. Wenn das Auto 5dB über die Bremslinie fährt, wird es neu nur noch 1dB weit gefahren sein. Bei 10dB nur noch 2dB.

Threshold: Ab welchem Schwellwert soll gebremst werden?

Attack: Wie schnell drückt er das Bremspedal runter? Knack- und Zischlaute zu Beginn eines lauten Wortes sollen ruhig hörbar sein, das verleiht der Stimme Schlagkraft.

Release: Wie schnell löst er das Bremspedal?

Output Gain: 0. Null. Brauchen wir nicht. Das ist der Trick, der diese Konstellation von allen anderen unterscheidet: Wir stellen zuerst eine rote Wand davor, um sicherzugehen, dass auch nichts übersteuert und erst danach fahren wir mit der Lautstärke hoch.

Der Limiter mit einem Schwellwert von -15dB. Bis hier und nicht weiter.

Erst nach dem Limiter fahren wir mit der Gesamtlautstärke hoch. Jetzt, wo wir dafür gesorgt haben, dass auch die lautesten Stimmen leise bleiben, können wir die Gesamtlautstärke knapp um den Wert des Limiters anheben.