Erlang

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Es kommt nicht oft vor, dass ich über eine Programmiersprache stolpere, und auf den ersten Blick denke ich: WOW. Bisher ist das zweimal vorgekommen: Bei AutoIt und bei PHP. Jetzt kommt ein weiteres WOW…

Nein, es ist nicht Ruby. Das hat zwar die intuitivste Syntax aller Zeiten, aber: Es ist langsam.
Von Java will ich gar nicht erst reden; dieses Geschwür ist langsam und frisst aber zusätzlich mindestens 2x soviel RAM wie überhaupt im System vorhanden.
C/C++: Damit kann man alles machen, ja. Aber: Wenn man diese Hammersprachen verwendet, verwandelt sich alles in einen Daumen!

Computer wurden in letzter Zeit immer mit noch höherer Taktfrequenz beworben. Doch das zieht auf Dauer nicht. Irgendwann ist Schluss – irgendwann stösst man an Grenzen. Jetzt kommt ein neuer Trend ins Spiel: Mehr Prozessorkerne. Oder wie Google so schön sagt:

Andere Unternehmen dachten, dass große Server der schnellste Weg seien, um enorme Datenmengen zu verarbeiten. Google hat herausgefunden, dass Netzwerk-PCs der schnellere Weg sind.

Es geht immer mehr Richtung Parallelverarbeitung. 2011 werden Prozessoren voraussichtlich 32 Kerne haben. Am CERN entwickelt man gerade an einem World Wide Grid.

Die Welt ist gleichzeitig. Die Welt ist verteilt.

Ich bin auf der Suche nach einer Programmiersprache, die leichtgewichtig und performant ist, auf allen Plattformen läuft und eine kompakte Syntax hat. Eine Sprache, die paralleles Programmieren von Haus aus mitbringt – ohne die üblichen üblen Probleme. Schön wär’s auch, wenn man Prozesse einfach so in ein Netzwerk schmeissen kann, unabhängig davon, ob es sich um ein Windows, Linux oder Mac handelt. Verteilte Systeme ohne Raketenwissenschaft.

Ich glaube ich habe diese Sprache nun gefunden: Erlang.

Erlang wurde ursprünglich für die Programmierung von Anwendungen in der Telekommunikation geschaffen. Die dort vorhandenen besonderen Anforderungen gingen unmittelbar in den Entwurf der Programmiersprache und des Laufzeitsystems ein:

• Parallelität
• Hohe Verfügbarkeit
• Fehlertoleranz
• Auswechseln von Modulen zur Laufzeit

Schon mal probiert, eine Multithreading-Anwendung zu Programmieren? So richtig mit Semaphoren, Shared-Memory und Deadlocks… Genau. Vergesst es! Erlang macht das alles gratis, by design.

What’s This All About?
It’s about concurrency. It’s about distribution. It’s about fault tolerance. It’s about functional programming. It’s about programming a distributed concurrent system without locks and mutexes but using only pure message passing. It’s about speeding up your programs on multicore CPUs. It’s about writing distributed applications that allow people to interact with each other. It’s about design methods and behaviors for writing fault-tolerant and distributed systems. It’s about modeling concurrency and mapping those models onto computer programs, a process I call concurrency-oriented programming.

Erlang ist eine funktionale Sprache, alles sind Prozesse. Und zwar leichtgewichtige Prozesse. So kann man schon mal 100’000 Prozesse gleichzeitig starten, und dabei vergehen bloss 750 Milisekunden und es ist trotzdem noch Arbeitsspeicher frei. Es spielt auch keine Rolle, ob diese Prozesse auf der lokalen Maschine oder irgendwo im Netzwerk laufen. Ich muss auch nicht das ganze Programm neu kompilieren, sondern nur das betroffene Modul, und kann den Code danach im laufenden Betrieb auswechseln. Ericsson hat mit Erlang einen ATM-Switch programmiert, welcher pro Jahr nur 32ms (Milisekunden!) ausfällt.

Apache dies at about 4,000 parallel sessions. Yaws is still functioning at over 80,000 parallel connections.

Yaws ist ein in Erlang geschriebener Webserver.

Ein paar Code-Vergleiche (alle machen dasselbe):

Einmal in C:

Dann in Java:

Und jetzt mit Erlang:

Starten:

Hat überhaupt schon mal jemand was damit programmiert? Ja, ejabberd ist in Erlang geschrieben. Und es gibt sogar einen 3D-Modeller in Erlang: Wings3D.

Was mir auch gefällt: Die Batterien werden mitgeliefert.
Alles ist mit drin und funktioniert. Compiler, Debugger, Analysetools… Aber auch ein komplettes Datenbanksystem. Selbstverständlich auch verteilt und parallel 😉

Mir gefällt das. Diese Sprache hat Zukunft. Obwohl: Ich muss mich schon ein wenig an diesen funktionalen Programmierstil gewöhnen. Da gibt’s nämlich Funktionen, welchen man Funktionen übergeben kann, die dann wieder Funktionen zurückliefern, oder Variablen, die nicht variabel sind… Raffiniert, aber um das mal zu durchblicken muss man sich ordentlich das Hirni verbiegen.

Nichtsdestotrotz: Das Ding ist geil.

Es gibt übrigens ein Buch: Programming Erlang: Software for a Concurrent World [Thalia]
Und einen Google TechTalk: Erlang
Und einen Chaosradio-Express Podcast: Erlang

http://erlang.org/