Scratchbook

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GPN19 – Schlangenprogrammiernacht

Claude, 12. Juni 2019, 11:01 Uhr

Warning: Use of undefined constant ri_rand_compare - assumed 'ri_rand_compare' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/httpd/vhosts/scratchbook.ch/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/random-image-widget/random_image.php on line 129 Warning: Use of undefined constant ri_rand_compare - assumed 'ri_rand_compare' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/httpd/vhosts/scratchbook.ch/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/random-image-widget/random_image.php on line 130 Warning: preg_match(): Compilation failed: invalid range in character class at offset 4 in /home/httpd/vhosts/scratchbook.ch/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/lightbox-plus/classes/shd.class.php on line 1384 Warning: preg_match(): Compilation failed: invalid range in character class at offset 4 in /home/httpd/vhosts/scratchbook.ch/httpdocs/wp-content/plugins/lightbox-plus/classes/shd.class.php on line 1384 Warning: preg_match(): Compilation failed: invalid range in character class at offset 4 in 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„Ich gehe nur schnell an den Vortrag für die Schlangenprogrammiernacht“, hab ich mir gesagt… Dieses Spiel hat mich dann so in den Bann gezogen, dass ich die vier Tage dauernde Gulaschprogrammiernacht in Karlsruhe nichts anderes mehr gemacht habe.

Das Ziel ist einfach: Nahrung fressen, gross werden und nicht in andere Schlangen hineinrennen. Angelehnt an slither.io -- mit dem feinen Zusatz, dass die Schlangen nicht von den Spielern gesteuert werden, sondern autonom laufen.

C++ -- die Programmiersprache aus der Hölle

„Au weia, C++. Timon Timon Timon, bitte hilf mir!“ Letztes Jahr habe ich übers Internet von Zuhause aus mitgespielt; da war die Schlangenprogrammiersprache noch Lua. Aus Performancegründen haben die Entwickler auf C++ gewechselt. Jetzt stehe ich vor einem Democode, der alle meine Änderungen immer mit Build-Errors quittiert. „Kann man da gescheit debuggen? Ich will ein print_r() wie bei PHP, in das ich *irgendwas* reinschmeissen kann und es zeigt mir gleich die Datenstrukturen an.“
„Nein, geht nicht, das darf man nicht und das willst du auch nicht.“ bekomme ich zur Antwort, und sogleich merke ich, wie sehr ich dieses C++ zu hassen anfange. ‚Mit C++ kann man *alles* machen‘, höre ich eine Stimme aus der Vergangenheit prahlen.

„Dieser Wert ist ein Integer, den musst zu zuerst mit to_string() umwandeln, und dann aber noch .c_str() anfügen, weil es C-Strings sind.“ erklärt mir mein Kumpel. Meine Fresse, tausend Funktionen und Datentypen für eigentlich das Gleiche. Eine der Programmiersprachen, die mir schon nach 5 Minuten tierisch auf den Sack geht und mir überall im Weg steht.

Auch erfahrene C++ Entwickler müssen gelegentlich Dinge nachsehen. Nach sieben Stackoverflow-Tabs haben wir mit viel Klebstreifen und stringstream <<-Gebastel eine notdürftige Debugfunktion implementiert.

Habe ich meine Grundbausteine zusammen? Ich kann debuggen. Es gibt eine API-Doku. Der Build schlägt nicht fehl. Ich komme zurecht!

Eine Schlange programmieren

Wie funktioniert das Ganze überhaupt?

Der Democode zeigt eine init() und eine step()-Funktion. Im init() werden die Farben definiert, step() wird bei jedem Frame aufgerufen. Also 60 Mal in der Sekunde. Die Schlange läuft in einem Dockercontainer und kriegt vom Server Infos über die Spielwelt -- Nahrung, andere Schlangen, etc.
Alles, was die Schlange antwortet, ist der Winkel, von Minus-Pi bis Plus-Pi. Und ob der Boost aktiviert sein soll und die Schlange doppelt so schnell kriecht und dadurch Masse verliert.

bool step(Api *api)
{
    api->angle = 0.001;
    api->boost = false;
}

So fährt die Schlange langsam einen grossen Kreis.

Über die Api kriege ich die Anzahl Segmente und Nahrung im Umkreis.

// check for other snakes
for(size_t i = 0; i < api->getSegmentCount(); i++) {
	const IpcSegmentInfo &seg = api->getSegments()[i];
 
	if(!seg.is_self && seg.dist < 20) {
		api->log("Oh no, I'm going to die!");
		break;
	}
}

Wenn das Segment nicht zu meiner Schlange gehört und die Distanz kleiner als 20 ist, informiert uns die Schlange über ihren bevorstehenden Tod.

Strategieüberlegung: Andere Schlangen

Ich will zuallererst ausweichen. Nahrungssuche ist sekundär, meine Schlange soll primär defensiv sein.

Also muss ich berechnen, ab wann denn Gefahr herrscht.
Ist es ein gegnerisches Segment? Grundabstand 30, plus 2.2x Radius der gegnerischen Schlange, damit noch Zeit zum Ausweichen bleibt. Ausserdem nimmt die Winkelgeschwindigkeit der eigenen Schlange mit zunehmender Grösse ab. Wie muss ich das jetzt zusammenrechnen und was beeinflusst welchen Wert wie?

Die Python-Konsole hilft mir beim Überlegen und Herausfinden. Nein, ich bin nicht gut im Kopfrechnen. Schliesslich braucht man keine Mathematik in der Informatik. 😀

So, die Gefahrengrenze dangerval hätten wir definiert. Wenn die Distanz diese Grenze unterschreitet, soll der Winkel angepasst werden, und zwar soll die Schlange stärker in die Kurve gehen, je näher sie an einer gegnerischen Schlange ist.

auto maxangle = api->getSelfInfo()->max_step_angle;
 
// dangerval
// 30 sicherheitsabstand + 2.2x radius + 1.0/maxangle
auto dangerval = (30) + (seg.r * 2.2) + (2.5 / maxangle);
 
if(seg.dist < dangerval) {
    danger = true;
    api->angle = 3 / (seg.dist - seg.r);

Run.

Ich lasse die Schlange ein paar mal laufen und beobachte sie. Ich veränderte hie und da noch einige Parameter und finde so nach und nach die optimalen Werte. Angewandte Mathematik, so macht das Spass! Wenn ich gleich sehe, wie meine Überlegungen in der echten Welt wirken, was funktioniert und was nicht. Der Ansporn ist da und das Spielfeld ist gross -- auch im Fachbereich. Einige versuchen sich an Tensorflow und wollen ihre Schlangen mit Machine Learning trainieren. Andere haben natürlich bessere Mathekenntnisse als ich und werden ziemlich wirblige Formeln in ihre Schlangen giessen. Doch das Spielfeld ist für alle gleich und jetzt können wir uns messen. Am liebsten hätte ich, wenn jeder den Code seiner Schlange veröffentlichen würde, dann könnten wir alle voneinander lernen. Aber ich schweife ab.

Zurück zur Strategie.

Meine Schlange ändert den Winkel, je näher sie an eine gegnerische Schlange kommt und weicht ihr somit aus. Sie macht das immer auf die gleiche Seite und knallt so ab und zu in andere Schlangen. Besser wäre, wenn sie in die richtige Richtung ausweichen würde.

Die API liefert die Richtung eines Segments relativ zum Schlangenkopf. Praktisch!

Wie finde ich jetzt heraus, ob die Richtung seg.dir negativ oder positiv ist? C++ Tutorials… Wobei halt. Wenn seg.dir kleiner als 0 ist, ist es negativ, sonst positiv. Einfach!

// ausweichrichtung - links oder rechts?
if(seg.dir < 0) {
    api->angle = api->angle * -1;
}

In der Sekundarschule haben wir gelernt: Etwas Mal Minus Eins ändert das Vorzeichen und so kriege ich ein Minus vor den Winkel.

Bumm, meine Schlange kommt einer anderen Schlange näher und steuert voll in sie rein! Uppsie, ich hab die Richtungen vertauscht. Ausweichen musst du, nicht noch extra reinfahren in die andere Schlange…

Strategieüberlegung: Nahrungssuche

So, das Ausweichen funktioniert, die Gefahrenzone ist definiert. Wenn keine Gefahr herrscht, kann sie nach Nahrung suchen.

„Finding food is quite similar“ steht weiter unten als Kommentar im Democode. Man muss bloss „Segment“ mit „Food“ ersetzen.

if(!danger) {
    if(food.dist < 100) {
        api->angle = food.dir;
    }
}

Wenn keine Gefahr herrscht und sich Nahrung in der Nähe befindet: Gehe darauf zu. Und schwupps, schon sucht die Schlange nach Nahrung, wenn sich nicht gerade anderen Schlangen ausweicht.

Zu meiner grossen Überraschung schlägt sich meine schwarz-gelb gestreifte Schlange ziemlich gut -- mit nur dieser simplen Logik: Herrscht Gefahr? Gefahrenzone, weiche aus. Keine Gefahr? Suche nach Nahrung.

So sieht das Gewimmel am nächsten Morgen aus.

Ich spiele noch ein wenig an den Parametern. Es ist 14:00 Morgens, eigentlich wollte ich mal was Essen. Aber meine Schlange beisst sich durch und arbeitet sich hoch. Ich sitze wie gebannt vor dem Bildschirm. Fünfter Rang! Vierter… Oh mein Gott wirklich? Dritter. Und dann: Zweiter Platz!

Ein fetter, gelb-schwarzer Schlirgg wandert quer über den Beamer! Wow. Echt jetzt? Ich als Mathe-Nülpe?

Ich spiele weiter an den Parametern. Wie kann man das noch verbessern? Eine Kommastelle höher hier, zwei Parameter tiefer da. Build, Run.

Um 17 Uhr ist es dann soweit: Meine Schlange landet auf Platz 1!

Serviettenmathematik in einem chinesischen Restaurant. Die Erklärung auf meine Frage: „Was ist ein Integral?“

Strategieüberlegung: Verbesserte Nahrungssuche

Ich habe eine Idee, wie ich die Nahrungssuche der Schlange optimieren kann. Und zwar teile ich den Umkreis in Sektoren ein. 12 Sektoren, wie bei einer Uhr. Dann messe ich für jeden Sektor, wie viel Nahrungswert da drin ist und die Schlange soll dann zu dem Sektor mit der meisten Nahrung gehen.

Die Tabellenkalkulation hilft mir dabei, einen Algorithmus zu finden.

Was muss ich wie rechnen, damit ich in Zeile 1 dieses Ergebnis habe?
Was muss ich wie rechnen, damit ich in Zeile 2 dieses Ergebnis habe?
Die 3 ist dabei stellvertretend für Pi.

Schliesslich gelangen wir zu folgendem Algorithmus:

// initialize sector-array
float foodsectors[12] = {};
 
for(size_t i = 0; i < api->getFoodCount(); i++) {
    auto &food = api->getFood()[i];
 
    int sectordir = (int)((food.dir + M_PI) / (2 * M_PI) * 12);
    foodsectors[sectordir] += food.val;
}
 
// find sector with the highest foodvalue
int bestsector = distance(foodsectors, max_element(foodsectors, foodsectors + 12));
/*for(size_t i = 0; i < 12; i++) {
    bestsector = foodsectors[i] > foodsectors[bestsector] ? i : bestsector;
    }
}*/
 
float bs_radiant = bestsector * 2 * M_PI / 12 - M_PI;
api->angle = bs_radiant;

Nahrungswerte food.val werden mit (food.dir + M_PI) / (2 * M_PI) * 12 in Sektoren zerstückelt.
Danach wird der beste Sektor gesucht. Ich hätts mit einer For-Schleife gemacht, aber Timon schlägt eine optimierte Variante vor mit der Distanz zum höchsten Element.
Danach wird der Radiant berechnet -- das ist dieses Minus-Pi bis Plus-Pi. Da unsere Richtungen eben nicht bei 0 beginnen, sondern bei Minus-Pi, müssen wir noch etwas Formeln basteln und umformen. Danach wird der Winkel gesetzt auf den neu berechneten Radianten.

Die Schlange geht auf die meiste Nahrung zu; zum Beispiel explodierte Schlangen, die einen Wust an Nahrung hinterlassen. Mein Laptop hatte allerdings grösste Mühe mit gleichzeitiger Schlangenvisualisation und Videoencoding in der warmen Fabrikhalle…


Die Schlange schafft es sogar durch die engsten Stellen!


Aber die schönste Schlange kommt von Draemmli. Was für ein Regenbogen!

Mein Erfolgserlebnis des Tages folgt kurz nach 20 Uhr. Meine Schlange hat es wieder auf den ersten Platz geschafft, mit 16’000 Nahrungseinheiten!

Die Visualisation der Schlangenprogrammiernacht auf der Leinwand. Ist wie eine Kommandozentrale, und so kann ich auch im Vorbeigehen immer schauen, wie es meiner Schlange geht.

Dritter Tag

Das nächste Tageserfolgserlebnis: Die grösste Schlange vom Thron stossen. Natürlich war das mehr Glück als etwas anderes, aber hey 🙂

Das alles mit 130 Zeilen Code. Hammer!

Der Schlangenserver, abgebaut. Hier ist also das Schlangengehege, das uns so viel Freude bereitet hat. Ich streichle ein letztes Mal darüber. Was für ein episches Spiel! Das hat bei mir alle Synapsen gestreichelt und Knöpfe gedrückt, die meinen Hyperfokus zünden. Einen Computer programmieren und ihm bei der Arbeit zusehen? Check. Ich bin immer der, der in Team Fortress und Borderlands die Selbstschussanlagen installiert und ihnen dabei zuschaut. Schliesslich soll die Maschine für mich arbeiten, ich will mich entspannen! Meiner Schlange im Sandkasten zusehen, wie meine Programmierung sie steuert und meine in Code eingegossenen Überlegungen in blitzschnelle Reaktionen und optimale Entscheidungen umgewandelt werden? Check. Ein Sandkasten, der in Echtzeit auch im Hintergrund weiterläuft, auch wenn ich das Spiel nicht offen habe? Check. Ein komplexes Umfeld mit immer wieder neuen Herausforderungen und dem Drang, es noch besser machen zu wollen? Check. Wissens- und Erfahrungsaustausch mit anderen, neue Dinge dazulernen? Check.

Und wer hätte gedacht, dass unser anfänglicher Besuch im Europabad das Intro für diese GPN ist?

Schlangen, Schlangen, überall Schlangen.

Die Gulaschprogrammiernacht endet mit einem wunderschönen Sonnenuntergang auf einem kleinen Hügel.

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