Claude, 30. September 2009, 19:16 Uhr
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Datensicherung… Das ist was, was man ab und zu mal macht – meist monatlich, wenn überhaupt. Doch jeder hat mal erlebt, wie es einem plötzlich warm um die Ohren wird, wenn sich die Diplomarbeit, an der man schon seit Wochen dran ist, nicht mehr öffnen lässt…
Ganz früher hab ich meine wichtigen Daten auf CD gebrannt.
Bis die billigen Rohlinge abblättern, wenn sie täglich ein bisschen sünnelen….
Gut, ich speichere meine Daten auf einer externen Festplatte.
Blöd nur, dass die immer so einen Krach macht; das fällt auf, wenn man einen leisen PC hat… Also: Die Festplatte muss in einen anderen Raum.
Ein Server muss her.
Und weil der Server ein Server ist und 24/7 läuft, könnte es sein, dass die Festplatte das nicht mitmacht.
Eine zweite Festplatte muss her.
Und wir bauen uns ein RAID. Das ist eine Festplatte, die aus zwei Festplatten besteht, da wird synchron gelesen, geschrieben und – gelöscht. Hilft also nur bei Hardwareausfall.
Ok, ich konfiguriere die zwei Festplatten unabhängig voneinander und kopiere die Daten täglich mit einem Skript. Falls ich versehentlich was lösche, ist es auf der 2. HD noch vorhanden.
Nach einem Monat lassen sich diverse ZIP-Dateien nicht mehr öffnen. Bilder haben seltsame Artefakte und Farben, und bei gewissen MP3s springt die Wiedergabe wahllos umher. Nach ein bisschen googeln stosse ich auf diverse Foren, die beschreiben, dass ausgerechnet DIESER Controller, an dem die Festplatten hängen, die Daten manchmal nicht sauber überträgt.
Ein teurer, aber hochwertiger Festplattencontroller muss her.
Es scheint alles zu laufen. Checkdisk meldet keine Fehler. Korrupte Daten kommen nicht mehr vor.
Und jetzt kommt der Tag X: *klick* *klick* – *klickediklick* – die Festplatte macht beim Einschalten so komische Geräusche.
Die Backupplatte läuft. Schnell eine neue boschtä und die Daten zurückkopieren.
Daten kopieren… 40MB/s… 45MB/s…42MB/s…35MB/s…2MB/s…0.5MB/s…0.1MB/s… Stillstand.
Checkdisk meldet keine Fehler. Aber: Der prüft auch nur den Index der Festplatte. Darum geht das auch immer so schnell. Ob die Daten dann auch wirklich lesbar sind, ist nochmals ganz was anderes.
Was ist passiert: Sektor defekt. Eine Datei ist nicht mehr lesbar. Datei ignorieren, weiterkopieren.
Jetzt reichts. Endgültig. Ich mache Prüfsummen auf jede einzelne verdammte Datei.
Ein PHP-Skript listet sämtliche Dateien einer Festplatte auf und erstellt für jede Datei eine Prüfsumme. Ändert sich auch nur das klitzekleinste Millimikronanopicobytelein, ändert sich die ganze Prüfsumme.
Prüfsummen?
Inhalt Datei A:
Inhalt Datei B:
Prüfsumme Datei A: 444594f74d5911f6c695dd69ac5e3469
Prüfsumme Datei B: 77ab88688793815570420627f2b9548f
Ihr seht: Das a wurde durch ein @ ersetzt. Die Prüfsumme ist komplett anders. Und das funktioniert bei Dateien beliebiger Grösse; die Prüfsumme ist immer genau gleich lang. Ein Fingerabdruck der Datei sozusagen.
Die Prüfsummen werden in einer SQL-Datenbank gespeichert, zusammen mit anderen nützlichen Informationen wie Dateigrösse, Pfad, …und vielleicht später noch mehr. Judihui – Jetzt kann ich nämlich auch… Sortieren! Nach Grösse:
SELECT * FROM files ORDER BY filesize DESC |
SELECT * FROM files ORDER BY filesize DESC
Tja.. Da sieht man, dass HD-Movies ordentlich Platz belegen. Und ein komprimiertes Backup vom alten Server auch – aber eine grosse Datei ist besser als hunderttausend kleine Dateien. Und die Prüfsumme der virtuellen Parallels Festplatte war nicht ok – die Datei hat sich geändert. In diesem Fall ist das aber ok.
Doppelte Dateien finden:
SELECT filename, COUNT(checksum_sha256) AS COUNT
FROM files
GROUP BY checksum_sha256
HAVING (COUNT(checksum_sha256) > 1)
ORDER BY COUNT DESC |
SELECT filename, count(checksum_sha256) as count
FROM files
GROUP BY checksum_sha256
HAVING (COUNT(checksum_sha256) > 1)
ORDER BY count DESC
Aha. Da sieht man: iMovie legt Icon Dateien an, die tupfgenau gleich sind und über 1000x vorkommen! Jetzt könnte ich noch die Spalte „filesize“ einblenden und schauen, wie prekär das wirklich ist.
Natürlich auch Dateinamen suchen:
SELECT * FROM files WHERE filename LIKE '%AppleDouble%' |
SELECT * FROM files WHERE filename LIKE '%AppleDouble%'
…und das Skript so erweitern, dass es die gefundenen Dateien gleich löscht…
Ach ja, rootpath:
..kann man bei Bedarf umhängen und so alle kopierten Dateien auf dem Backup prüfen, ob sie auf das hinterletzte Byte noch lesbar und im gleichen Zustand sind!
This fucking rocks.
Dateiname, Prüfsumme, Grösse. Sind diese Informationen erst mal in einer Datenbank, lässt sich soooo viel damit anstellen! Ich könnte mir Skripte machen, welche unnötige Dateien identifizieren und löschen. Oder nur Dateien prüfen, die „/svn/“ im Dateinamen haben und grösser sind als XY, und so die Konsistenz der wichtigsten Daten sicherstellen. Ich könnte mir Statistiken generieren, mir Kuchendiagramme ins Gesicht schmeissen lassen bis sich die Balken biegen und und und…
Mit der Prüfsumme ist es sogar möglich, zu prüfen, ob Dateien verschoben wurden.
Jaja. Der Phantasie sind wieder mal keine Grenzen gesetzt. Aber das wichtigste: Ich habe die Gewissheit über die Konsistenz meiner Daten.
Wusstet ihr übrigens, dass die Wiederherstellung von 400GB Daten auf einer defekten Festplatte etwa 8’000.- kostet? Bei allen Anbietern muss man erst ein Formular ausfüllen… Zurecht. Diese Preise sind abschreckend! 🙂
Die besten Restore-Tools gibt’s bei http://www.stellarinfo.com/ – da gibt’s für jedes Dateisystem ein Progrämmli. Ja, ich habe mal mit einem Stellar-Tool Bekanntschaft gemacht. Ich wollte mal auf dem Mac mit dem Festplattendienstprogramm eine externe HD 1:1 auf eine zweite externe HD kopieren. Lasst die Finger davon… Das Dateisystem war danach korrupt.
So kopiere ich jetzt Daten von der Daten-HD auf die Backup-HD:
sudo rsync -a --progress --delete /mnt/Daten/ /mnt/Backup/ |
sudo rsync -a --progress --delete /mnt/Daten/ /mnt/Backup/
„-a“ kopiert alle Daten, rekursiv, Links, Berechtigungen, Zeitstempfel, Gruppen und spezielle „Device“-Files.
„–progress“ zeigt was er macht.
„–delete“ löscht nicht mehr vorhandene Daten auf dem Ziellaufwerk.
Hier das PHP-Skript.
php checksummer.php
Usage:
./checksummer.php [create_tables|check_existence] [rootpath]
//initial
Step 1: create_tables
Step 2: collect_files
Step 3: check_existence
Step 4: check_filesize
Step 5: make_checksum
//checking
Step 1: collect_files
Step 2: check_existence
Step 3: check_filesize
Step 4: make_checksum
Step 5: set_to_check
Step 6: check_checksum |
php checksummer.php Usage:
./checksummer.php [create_tables|check_existence] [rootpath] //initial
Step 1: create_tables
Step 2: collect_files
Step 3: check_existence
Step 4: check_filesize
Step 5: make_checksum //checking
Step 1: collect_files
Step 2: check_existence
Step 3: check_filesize
Step 4: make_checksum
Step 5: set_to_check
Step 6: check_checksum
Also starten mit
php checksummer.php /mnt/Daten |
php checksummer.php /mnt/Daten
Ach ja: Samsung macht die besten Festplatten. Ich hatte noch nie einen Ausfall (mit der Ausnahme der nicht lesbaren Datei). Und das bei mittlerweile 5-jährigen Harddisks. Aber nichtsdestotrotz: Jede Festplatte kann und wird kaputtgehen.
