Kleines Zypern-FAQ

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Ist das Vorgehen eigentlich legal, die Bankkonten einzufrieren und eine Sonderabgabe gleich einzubehalten?

Leider ja. Tatsächlich kann ein Gesetzgeber gar nichts Illegales tun, weil er ja die Gesetze selbst macht. Egal, was ein Gesetzgeber in ein Gesetz schreibt, es wird dadurch ja gerade legal. Die Frage kann nur sein: ist das verfassungswidrig? Denn in Rechtsstaaten ist das die Grenze, die ein Gesetzgeber einzuhalten hat. Aber solche Fälle wie der diskutierte sind in den wenigsten Verfassungen vorgesehen, auch nicht in der zypriotischen.

Aber ist das Vorgehen auch legitim?

Nein, sicher nicht. Das kann man leicht an einem Beispiel erklären:
Nehmen wir mal eine Immobilien-Verwaltung, die eine Kapitalgesellschaft ist, z.B. eine AG.

Kommt die in Schieflage, sind erst einmal die Aktionäre gefordert – wenn die Firma es nicht schafft, schnell aus der Schieflage herauszufinden, ist das Aktienvermögen der Aktionäre weg, denn der Insolvenzverwalter bedient dann die Gläubiger. Dabei sind Aktionärskredite ebenfalls weg.

Wird eine Sanierung versucht, so kauft sich derjenige, der sanieren möchte, die Aktien für einen Appel und ein Ei, sonst macht er es nicht. Die Aktionärskredite müssen zurückstecken, und auch die Gläubiger müssen kräftig zurückstecken, sonst versucht niemand die Sanierung.

Was aber sicher niemals auch nur im Entferntesten angetastet wird, und da gibt es auch rechtlich keine Handhabe, sind die Immobilien. Denn die gehören unserem Beispielunternehmen ja gar nicht. Also sind sie im Insolvenzfalle nicht Teil der Insolvenzmasse, sie bleiben auch im Sanierungsfalle unangetastet.

Vergleicht man den Fall mit einer Bank, die die Spareinlagen und das einbezahlte Geld auf den Girokonten verwaltet, sieht man das Problem deutlich.

Aber so werden wenigstens die Vermögen der Reichen stark, und die der kleinen Leute nur schwach belastet, richtig?

Das ist leider falsch. Vermögen haben vermögende Leute in den seltensten Fällen auf Sparbüchern oder gar Girokonten in grossen Summen. Vermögen hat man in Inhaberschuldverschreibungen, in Aktien, in Fonds investiert, in allem Möglichen, aber nicht in grossen Summen auf dem Konto. Der Grund: so gibt es viel mehr Zinsen.

Wenn jemand z.B. 1 Milliarde EUR in Inhaberschuldverschreibungen und 1 Milliarde EUR in Aktien hat, sowie 10.000 EUR auf dem Girokonto, so wird er mit 675 EUR belastet. Er hat aber ein Vermögen von über 2 Milliarden EUR. Hat aber ein anderer gerade einen Kredit für 100.000 EUR aufgenommen (um z.B. als Handwerker oder kleiner Produktionsbetrieb eine Maschine zu kaufen), und sich eben die Kreditsumme auszahlen lassen, so hat derjenige einen Kredit mit 100.000 EUR und ein Girokonto auch mit 100.000 EUR. Die Summe dieses Geldvermögens und der entsprechenden Verbindlichkeit ist 0. Aber er muss 9.900 EUR abgeben, steht also danach um diesen Betrag im Minus.

Warum kommt es dann zu solch merkwürdigen Regelungen?

Da kann man nur spekulieren. Eine Theorie ist, dass das ganze aufgrund von Inkompetenz der beteiligten Entscheider so geworden ist, oder einen faulen politischen Kompromiss darstellt, der eben sinnlos ist. Andere sprechen davon, dass Zypern nur ein Testfall ist, wo man im Kleinen ausprobiert, was man – falls es dort funktioniert – dann in Spanien und Italien machen möchte. Zypern ist ja so klein, dass es in Deutschland sogar verfassungswidrig ist, ihm zu helfen.

In Deutschland soll es verfassungswidrig sein, in Zypern Banken zu retten. Ist das richtig?

Ja, das ist richtig. Das Bundesverfassungsgericht hat entschieden, dass mit dem ESM nur „gerettet“ werden darf. wenn der Euro als Ganzes in Gefahr ist. In anderen Situationen darf man damit keine Banken retten. Trotzdem hat sich der deutsche Finanzminister, Wolfgang Schäuble, zusammen mit der Kanzlerin Angela Merkel entschieden, in Zypern mit Geldern des ESM Banken zu “retten”. Auf die Erklärung, weshalb diese Vorgehensweise dem Urteil des Verfassungsgerichts trotzdem entsprechen soll, wartet die Öffentlichkeit noch.

Die Tagesschau hat das bereits thematisiert.